Chronological Outline

For the sake of completeness, some names and events have been introduced into this outline which are not mentioned in the text. These are distinguished by being printed in italics.

Date B.C.	Event
753.	Rome founded (legendary date).
753-509.	Rome under the rule of Kings: Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius, Tarquinius Sufterbus (Tarquin the Proud).
509.	The Kings driven out, and a republic set up.
509-345.	Frequent wars with the Etruscans, Volscians, Aequians, and other neighboring peoples. Struggle for existence during the first sixty years; after that, neighboring country gradually conquered.
494.	Secession of the plebeians to the Sacred Mount. Creation of the tribunes of the people.
451.	Ten men (Decemvirs) appointed to rule the state and publish the laws; the Twelve Tables of the Law. Misrule of Appius Claudius; the story of Virginia.
396.	Capture of Veii by Camillus.
390.	Battle by the brook Allia, and capture of Rome by the Gauls.
367.	Plebeians admitted to the consulship, (laws of Licinius and Sextius).
343-290.	Three wars with the Samnites (a mountain people of Southern Italy). Revolt and conquest of the Latin neighbors of Rome. The Romans become the chief people in Italy.
282-272.	War with King Pyrrhus; battles of Heraclea, Ausculum, and Beneventum; conquest of Tarentum. Rome now mistress of the peninsula of Italy.
264-241.	First War with Carthage. Rome gains Sicily and (later) Sardinia.
225-222.	Cis-Alpine Gaul (the valley of the Po) conquered.
218-201.	Second War with Carthage. Hannibal marches into Italy; battles of Ticinus, Trebia, and Lake Trasimenus; battle of Cannae; Roman victories in Spain and Sicily; Hannibal's reinforcements defeated in the battle of the Metaurus; Roman victories in Africa; recall of Hannibal; battle of Zama.
200-168.	Wars with Macedonia. Battle of Cynoscephalae; Greek states set free from Macedonia; victory of Aemilius Paullus over King Perseus at Pydna. (Macedonia made a Roman province, 146 B.C.)
192-189.	War with Syria (in Asia).
149-146.	Third War with Carthage. Capture and destruction of the city by Scipio Aemilianus.
146.	War with Greek states (Achaean league). Destruction of Corinth.
143-133.	Wars with the tribes of Spain.
133.	Tiberius Gracchus elected tribune.
123.	Caius Gracchus elected tribune.
111-105.	War with Jugurtha, in Africa.
113-101.	Wars with German tribes (Cimbri and Teutones). Victories of Marius at Aquae Sextiae (102), and Vercellae (101 ).
90-88.	Revolt of the Italians: Rome forced to admit them to citizenship.
88-64.	Three wars with King Mithradates of Pontus (in Asia Minor). The first war was brought to an end by Sulla; the third by Pompey, by whom Pontus was annexed to the Roman territory.
88-82.	Civil war between Sulla (party of the nobles) and Marius (party of the people).
80-72.	Rebellion in Spain (under Sertorius); put down by Pompey.
73-71.	Rebellion of gladiators and slaves about Mt. Vesuvius (under Spartacus); put down by Pompey.
67.	Pompey overcomes the pirates.
67 66-62.	Plot of Catiline at Rome; Cicero consul.
6o.	Agreement between Pompey. Caesar, and Crassus (first triumvirate). Caesar elected consul.
58-51.	Conquest of Gaul by Caesar.
49-48.	Civil war between Caesar and Pompey. Defeat of Pompey at Pharsalus. Caesar becomes sole ruler of Rome (emperor).
48-45.	War against the followers of Pompey in Africa and Spain.
44,Mar-15.	Caesar slain. (Brutus and Cassius, leaders of the plot.)
42.	Brutus and Cassius defeated by Octavius (the nephew of Caesar) and Antony, in the battle of Philippi.
31-30.	War between Octavius and Antony. Defeat of Antony at Actium. Octavius becomes Emperor, and takes the name Augustus.
31 B.C.-14 A.D	Augustus, emperor.
Date A.D.	Event
54-68.	Nero, emperor. Fire at Rome; persecution of the Christians.
98-117,	Trajan, emperor.
117-138.	Hadrian, emperor.
161-180.	Marcus Aurelius, emperor.
284-305.	Diocletian, emperor.
323-337.	Constantine the Great. The empire becomes Christian; founding of Constantinople as the capital of the empire.
375.	The German tribes begin to come into the Empire in large numbers.
395.	The Empire permanently divided into a Western Empire, with its capital at Rome, and an Eastern Empire, with its capital at Constantinople.
410.	Rome plundered by the Goths under Alaric.
476.	End of the Western Empire.

Teachers who desire to use this book as an introduction to Roman history, will find it worthwhile to prepare on the blackboard, or have the pupils prepare on paper, on an enlarged scale, such a chronological chart as is indicated in the accompanying cut. If the latter plan is adopted, strips of paper four or five feet long by seven or eight inches broad should be used; if these are not readily obtainable, a half-dozen sheets of letter-paper, pasted together end to end, will answer. By writing on both sides of the central lines, space may be found for, putting in all the more important events of Roman history. The chart may be made manageable by rolling it, or better, perhaps, by folding it (alternately over and back, after the fashion of a set of panoramic photographic views) on the lines separating the century divisions.

Officers Under the Republic

1. Consuls, two: Elected for one year, and acted as heads of the state, and commanders of the army. Patricians only could be chosen, at first; after 367 B. C. both might be and one must be, Plebeian.
    
2. Dictator, one: Appointed in time of danger or for a special purpose; could hold office for six months, but usually resigned before that, as soon as the work was done. The Dictator held the highest power in the state, the consul and all other officers being under his orders. He usually appointed a "Master of the Horse" as his second in command.
    
3. Tribunes, ten: Established 494 It C. Elected for one year; must be Plebeians; had the right to "veto" any proceeding; their persons were sacred.
    
4. Other Officers: Two Censors, elected every fifth year, to take a census of the people, and revise the lists of the Senate, the tribes, etc. Four Aediles, who kept order in the city, and had charge of the public buildings and markets; two of these, called curule aediles, also had charge of the games and gladiatorial shows. One or more Praetors, who acted as judges at Rome, and served as governors of the provinces.
    

Assemblies of the People

1. Assembly of the People by Curies, or groups of families. This was made up only of Patricians, and soon lost its power in the state.
2. Assembly of the People by Centuries. Servius Tullius divided all of the free Romans, both Patricians and Plebeians, into groups or centuries, according to their wealth. In the assembly of the Centuries, the vote was taken by these groups, so that Plebeians and Patricians both voted in this body. The power in the state gradually passed from the assembly of the Curies to this new assembly, and it came to be the body which made laws, elected officers, declared war, and concluded peace.
3. Assembly of the People by Tribes. Besides being divided into classes by their wealth, the Romans were also divided into twenty-six tribes, according to their places of residence. In the assembly of the Tribes, the Plebeians alone took part at first, and the assembly had little power beyond electing the Tribunes. Gradually the Patricians were admitted to it, and it increased in importance till it could make laws which were binding on both Patricians and Plebeians. It ended by becoming the most important of the assemblies of the people.

The Senate

1. This body was composed of the chief men of Rome, especially those who had filled the offices of Consul, Praetor, and the like. Vacancies were filled up by the Censors, who also had power to expel unworthy members. Under the Republic, there were three hundred Senators, at first, but the number was afterward increased. The Senate watched over the government, and advised both the people and the officers of the state. It came to be the most powerful body in Rome, but from time to time the people asserted their power against it.

Chronological Outline

For the sake of completeness, some names and events have been introduced into this outline which are not mentioned in the text. These are distinguished by being printed in italics.

Date B.C.	Event
753.	Rome founded (legendary date).
753-509.	Rome under the rule of Kings: Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius, Tarquinius Sufterbus (Tarquin the Proud).
509.	The Kings driven out, and a republic set up.
509-345.	Frequent wars with the Etruscans, Volscians, Aequians, and other neighboring peoples. Struggle for existence during the first sixty years; after that, neighboring country gradually conquered.
494.	Secession of the plebeians to the Sacred Mount. Creation of the tribunes of the people.
451.	Ten men (Decemvirs) appointed to rule the state and publish the laws; the Twelve Tables of the Law. Misrule of Appius Claudius; the story of Virginia.
396.	Capture of Veii by Camillus.
390.	Battle by the brook Allia, and capture of Rome by the Gauls.
367.	Plebeians admitted to the consulship, (laws of Licinius and Sextius).
343-290.	Three wars with the Samnites (a mountain people of Southern Italy). Revolt and conquest of the Latin neighbors of Rome. The Romans become the chief people in Italy.
282-272.	War with King Pyrrhus; battles of Heraclea, Ausculum, and Beneventum; conquest of Tarentum. Rome now mistress of the peninsula of Italy.
264-241.	First War with Carthage. Rome gains Sicily and (later) Sardinia.
225-222.	Cis-Alpine Gaul (the valley of the Po) conquered.
218-201.	Second War with Carthage. Hannibal marches into Italy; battles of Ticinus, Trebia, and Lake Trasimenus; battle of Cannae; Roman victories in Spain and Sicily; Hannibal's reinforcements defeated in the battle of the Metaurus; Roman victories in Africa; recall of Hannibal; battle of Zama.
200-168.	Wars with Macedonia. Battle of Cynoscephalae; Greek states set free from Macedonia; victory of Aemilius Paullus over King Perseus at Pydna. (Macedonia made a Roman province, 146 B.C.)
192-189.	War with Syria (in Asia).
149-146.	Third War with Carthage. Capture and destruction of the city by Scipio Aemilianus.
146.	War with Greek states (Achaean league). Destruction of Corinth.
143-133.	Wars with the tribes of Spain.
133.	Tiberius Gracchus elected tribune.
123.	Caius Gracchus elected tribune.
111-105.	War with Jugurtha, in Africa.
113-101.	Wars with German tribes (Cimbri and Teutones). Victories of Marius at Aquae Sextiae (102), and Vercellae (101 ).
90-88.	Revolt of the Italians: Rome forced to admit them to citizenship.
88-64.	Three wars with King Mithradates of Pontus (in Asia Minor). The first war was brought to an end by Sulla; the third by Pompey, by whom Pontus was annexed to the Roman territory.
88-82.	Civil war between Sulla (party of the nobles) and Marius (party of the people).
80-72.	Rebellion in Spain (under Sertorius); put down by Pompey.
73-71.	Rebellion of gladiators and slaves about Mt. Vesuvius (under Spartacus); put down by Pompey.
67.	Pompey overcomes the pirates.
67 66-62.	Plot of Catiline at Rome; Cicero consul.
6o.	Agreement between Pompey. Caesar, and Crassus (first triumvirate). Caesar elected consul.
58-51.	Conquest of Gaul by Caesar.
49-48.	Civil war between Caesar and Pompey. Defeat of Pompey at Pharsalus. Caesar becomes sole ruler of Rome (emperor).
48-45.	War against the followers of Pompey in Africa and Spain.
44,Mar-15.	Caesar slain. (Brutus and Cassius, leaders of the plot.)
42.	Brutus and Cassius defeated by Octavius (the nephew of Caesar) and Antony, in the battle of Philippi.
31-30.	War between Octavius and Antony. Defeat of Antony at Actium. Octavius becomes Emperor, and takes the name Augustus.
31 B.C.-14 A.D	Augustus, emperor.
Date A.D.	Event
54-68.	Nero, emperor. Fire at Rome; persecution of the Christians.
98-117,	Trajan, emperor.
117-138.	Hadrian, emperor.
161-180.	Marcus Aurelius, emperor.
284-305.	Diocletian, emperor.
323-337.	Constantine the Great. The empire becomes Christian; founding of Constantinople as the capital of the empire.
375.	The German tribes begin to come into the Empire in large numbers.
395.	The Empire permanently divided into a Western Empire, with its capital at Rome, and an Eastern Empire, with its capital at Constantinople.
410.	Rome plundered by the Goths under Alaric.
476.	End of the Western Empire.

Teachers who desire to use this book as an introduction to Roman history, will find it worthwhile to prepare on the blackboard, or have the pupils prepare on paper, on an enlarged scale, such a chronological chart as is indicated in the accompanying cut. If the latter plan is adopted, strips of paper four or five feet long by seven or eight inches broad should be used; if these are not readily obtainable, a half-dozen sheets of letter-paper, pasted together end to end, will answer. By writing on both sides of the central lines, space may be found for, putting in all the more important events of Roman history. The chart may be made manageable by rolling it, or better, perhaps, by folding it (alternately over and back, after the fashion of a set of panoramic photographic views) on the lines separating the century divisions.

Officers Under the Republic

1. Consuls, two: Elected for one year, and acted as heads of the state, and commanders of the army. Patricians only could be chosen, at first; after 367 B. C. both might be and one must be, Plebeian.
    
2. Dictator, one: Appointed in time of danger or for a special purpose; could hold office for six months, but usually resigned before that, as soon as the work was done. The Dictator held the highest power in the state, the consul and all other officers being under his orders. He usually appointed a "Master of the Horse" as his second in command.
    
3. Tribunes, ten: Established 494 It C. Elected for one year; must be Plebeians; had the right to "veto" any proceeding; their persons were sacred.
    
4. Other Officers: Two Censors, elected every fifth year, to take a census of the people, and revise the lists of the Senate, the tribes, etc. Four Aediles, who kept order in the city, and had charge of the public buildings and markets; two of these, called curule aediles, also had charge of the games and gladiatorial shows. One or more Praetors, who acted as judges at Rome, and served as governors of the provinces.
    

Assemblies of the People

1. Assembly of the People by Curies, or groups of families. This was made up only of Patricians, and soon lost its power in the state.
2. Assembly of the People by Centuries. Servius Tullius divided all of the free Romans, both Patricians and Plebeians, into groups or centuries, according to their wealth. In the assembly of the Centuries, the vote was taken by these groups, so that Plebeians and Patricians both voted in this body. The power in the state gradually passed from the assembly of the Curies to this new assembly, and it came to be the body which made laws, elected officers, declared war, and concluded peace.
3. Assembly of the People by Tribes. Besides being divided into classes by their wealth, the Romans were also divided into twenty-six tribes, according to their places of residence. In the assembly of the Tribes, the Plebeians alone took part at first, and the assembly had little power beyond electing the Tribunes. Gradually the Patricians were admitted to it, and it increased in importance till it could make laws which were binding on both Patricians and Plebeians. It ended by becoming the most important of the assemblies of the people.

The Senate

1. This body was composed of the chief men of Rome, especially those who had filled the offices of Consul, Praetor, and the like. Vacancies were filled up by the Censors, who also had power to expel unworthy members. Under the Republic, there were three hundred Senators, at first, but the number was afterward increased. The Senate watched over the government, and advised both the people and the officers of the state. It came to be the most powerful body in Rome, but from time to time the people asserted their power against it.