Cleon

d. 422 BC

Cleon, an Athenian politician during the Peloponnesian War, was the son of Cleaenetus, from whom he inherited a lucrative tannery business. He was the first prominent representative of the commercial class in Athenian politics. He came into notice first as an opponent of Pericles, to whom his advanced ideas were naturally unacceptable, and in his opposition somewhat curiously found himself acting in concert with the aristocrats, who equally hated and feared Pericles.

BLUSTER, FROM ARISTOPHANESKNIGHTS

During the dark days of 430, after the unsuccessful expedition of Pericles to Peloponnesus, and when the city was devastated by the plague, Cleon headed the opposition to the Periclean regime. Pericles was accused by Cleon of maladministration of public money, with the result that he was actually found guilty. A revulsion of feeling, however, soon took place. Pericles was reinstated, and Cleon now for a time fell into the background. The death of Pericles (429 B.C.) left the field clear for him. Hitherto he had only been a vigorous opposition speaker, a trenchant critic and accuser of state officials. He now came forward as the professed champion and leader of the democracy, and, owing to the moderate abilities of his rivals and opponents, he was for some years undoubtedly the foremost man in Athens. Although rough and unpolished, he was gifted with natural eloquence and a powerful voice, and knew exactly how to work upon the feelings of the people. He strengthened his hold on the poorer classes by his measure for trebling the pay of the jurymen, which provided the poorer Athenians with an easy means of livelihood. The notorious fondness of the Athenians for litigation increased his power; and the practice of "sycophancy" (raking up material for false charges; see Sycophant), enabled him to remove those who were likely to endanger his ascendancy. Having no further use for his former aristocratic associates, he broke off all connexion with them, and thus felt at liberty to attack the secret combinations for political purposes, the oligarchical clubs to which they mostly belonged. His ruling principles were an inveterate hatred of the nobility, and an equal hatred of Sparta. It was mainly through him that the opportunity of concluding an honourable peace (in 425 B.C.) was lost, and in his determination to see Sparta humbled he misled the people as to the extent of the resources of the state, and dazzled them by promises of future benefits.

In 427 Cleon gained an evil notoriety by his proposal to put to death indiscriminately all the inhabitants of Mytilene, which had put itself at the head of a revolt. His proposal, though accepted, was, fortunately for the credit of Athens,` rescinded, although, as it was, the chief leaders and prominent men, numbering about 1000, fell victims. In 425 B.C., he reached the summit of his fame by capturing and transporting to Athens the Spartans who had been blockaded in Sphacteria (see Pylos). Much of the credit was probably due to the military skill of his colleague Demosthenes; but it must be admitted that it was due to Cleon's determination that the Ecclesia sent out the additional force which was needed. It was almost certainly due to Cleon that the tribute of the "allies" was doubled in 425 (see Delian League). In 422 he was sent to recapture Amphipolis, but was outgeneralled by Brasidas and killed. His death removed the chief obstacle to an arrangement with Sparta, and in 421 the peace of Nicias was concluded (see Peloponnesian War).

The character of Cleon is represented by Aristophanes and Thucydides in an extremely unfavourable light. But neither can be considered an unprejudiced witness. The poet had a grudge against Cleon, who had accused him before the senate of having ridiculed (in his Babylonians) the policy and institutions of his country in the presence of foreigners and at the time of a great national war. Thucydides, a man of strong oligarchical prejudices, had also been prosecuted for military incapacity and exiled by a decree proposed by Cleon. It is therefore likely that Cleon has had less than justice done to him in the portraits handed down by these two writers.

—Excerpted from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Key events during the life of Cleon:

Year	Event
429 BC	Death of Pericles increases Cleon's political influence in Athens.
427 BC	Recommends execution of all inhabitants of Mytilene, a colony that had revolted from the Delian League.
425 BC	Leads an expedition to Pylos and took Spartan hostages.
425 BC	Doubles the tribute required by members of the Delian League.
422 BC	Killed during the attempt to recapture Amphipolis, which had bolted from the league.

Other Resources

Story Links	Book Links
Soldier  in	Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition  by  Alfred J. Church
Peace Maker in	Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition  by  Alfred J. Church
Sentence of Death  in	The Story of Greece  by  Mary Macgregor
Spartans Surrender  in	The Story of Greece  by  Mary Macgregor
Envoys of Life and Death  in	Historical Tales: Greek  by  Charles Morris
Struggle Between Athens and Sparta  in	The Story of the Greek People  by  Eva March Tappan

Contemporary	Short Biography
Pericles	Athenian statesman during Golden Age of Athens. Made Athens cultural center of Greece.
Thucydides	Historian of Peloponnesian War. An Athenian general sent into exile after he failed a mission.
Aristophanes	Greatest of Greek Comedian playwrights. Wrote Frogs, Clouds, Peace, Birds, and many others.
Brasidas	Eloquent Spartan general, turned tide of Peloponnesian War in Sparta's favor. Died at Amphipolis.
Demosthenes	Important Athenian general in the Peloponnesian War. Perished at Syracuse.
Nicias	After death of Pericles, emerged as leader of peace party. Led disastrous Sicilian Expedition.