Historical Characters of British Empire

Glorious Revolution Foundation of Empire Height of Empire Colonies and Canada British India Colonial Africa Australia Science and Invention

Glorious Revolution—1688 to 1745

Glorious Revolution to Last Jacobite Rising

Character/Date	Short Biography
Stuarts
William III 1650–1702	King of Netherlands, called to be king of England when James II, his father-in-law, was deposed.
Anne of England 1665–1714	Last of the Stuart queens, lived during the War of the Spanish Succession.
George I 1660–1727	First Hanoverian Monarch of Britain. Entrusted government to Robert Walpole
Old Pretender 1688–1766	Son of James II, led Jacobites in a bid to restore Stuarts to the throne of England.
Young Pretender 1720–1788	Grandson of James II, led Jacobites in bid to restore Stuarts to the throne of England.
Political/Military
Samuel Pepys 1633–1703	Kept a diary during the reign of Charles II; mentions the plague, the great fire, and much else.
Duke of Marlborough 1650–1722	Most renowned general of his age. Prevailed against the French at the Battle of Blenheim.
Robert Walpole 1676–1745	First Prime Minister of Britain. Ran cabinet meetings for George I
Flora MacDonald 1722–1790	Heroine who help Bonnie Prince Charles escape from Scotland.
Arts and Sciences
Isaac Newton 1642–1727	Outstanding scientist. Made important breakthroughs in physics, optics, and mathematics.
Daniel Defoe 1661–1731	Author of Robinson Crusoe and Moll Flanders.

Foundation of Empire—1740 to 1815

War of Jenkin's Ear to Napoleonic Wars

Character/Date	Short Biography
Monarchs/Statesmen
George I 1660–1727	First Hanoverian Monarch of Britain. Entrusted government to Robert Walpole
George II 1683–1760	Second Hanoverian Monarch of Britain.
George III 1738–1820	Monarch whose long reign encompassed Revolutionary, and Napoleonic Wars.
William Pitt 1708–1778	Statesman who masterminded the rise of the British Empire during the critical 18th century.
William Pitt Jr. 1759–1806	Son of the Earl of Chatham, served between American Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.
Edmund Burke 1730–1797	Very influential Political Philosopher, whose works are a basis of constitutional law.
Military
General Wolfe 1727–1759	Defeated the French at the Battle of Quebec, giving Canada to Britain. Died during battle.
Lord Anson 1697–1762	British naval hero who circumnavigated the globe and wrote a diary about his journey.
Lord Edward Hawke 1705–1781	Hero of the naval Battle of Quiberon during the Seven Years War.
General Braddock 1695–1755	Led a disastrous campaign to Fort Duquesne (Ohio) during the French and Indian Wars.
General Burgoyne 1723–1792	British leader who surrendered with 6000 men to American forces at Saratoga.
General Cornwallis 1738–1805	British leader defeated at Yorktown in Revolutionary War. Later served as governor in India.
Horatio Nelson 1758–1805	Great Naval hero of his age; victor at the Battle of the Nile, Copenhagen, and Trafalgar.
Duke of Wellington 1769–1852	Napoleonic war general who fought in Spain and Portugal. Defeated Napoleon at Waterloo.
John Moore 1761–1809	Napoleonic War hero who died at the Battle of Coruna.
Arts/Literature
Adam Smith 1723–1790	Leading theorist of modern capitalism. Wrote The Wealth of Nations.
Alexander Pope 1688–1744	Eminent poet and Satirist of the enlightenment era. Wrote Essay on Criticism.
John Wesley 1703–1774	Founder of the evangelical Methodist movement in England. Social reformer.
Jonathan Swift 1667–1745	Poet, essayist, and satirist. Best known as author of Gulliver's Travels.
Samuel Johnson 1709–1784	Eminent literary figure in England. Wrote the first British Dictionary.
Angelica Kaufmann 1741–1807	Eminent European Painter, who lived many years in England.
Heroines
Hannah More 1745–1833	Dedicated her life to helping the poor of England.
Elizabeth Fry 1780–1845	Quaker and prison reformer. Fought for better conditions for inmates.

Height of Empire—1815 to 1902

Battle of Waterloo to Second Boer War

Character/Date	Short Biography
Monarchs/Statesmen
Victoria I 1819–1901	Longest reigning English Monarch. Presided over the British Empire at its height.
Robert Peel 1788–1850	Important Victorian Era British prime minister who oversaw several free market and political reforms.
Benjamin Disraeli 1804–1881	Prime Minister, Author, and conservative rival of Gladstone.
William Gladstone 1809–1898	Prime minister and member of the Liberal Party. Opponent of Disraeli.
Charles Parnell 1846–1891	Irish Catholic politician who fought for home rule for Ireland.
Cecil Rhodes 1853–1902	Power broker in South Africa, tried to turn all provinces into a British Colony.
Military
Lord Raglan 1788–1855	Field Marshall of English Forces during the Crimean War.
Henry Havelock 1795–1857	Led a division to relieve Lucknow during the Sepoy Rebellion. Died during the siege.
William Brydon 1811–1873	Surgeon in the Bengal army; sole surviver of the massacre at Khyber pass in Afghanistan.
Charles Gordon 1833–1885	General who defeated the Tai-pings in China, served as governor in Soudan and resisted the Mahdi in Khartoum.
Lord Roberts 1832–1914	Career officer, saw service in Indian Mutiny, Afghanistan, Abyssinia, India and South Africa.
Horatio Kitchener 1850–1916	Military hero of the late 19th century, first in Sudan, and later in the Boer Wars
John Franklin 1786–1847	Explorer of the Artic regions of Canada.
Art and Literature
Sir Walter Scott 1771–1832	Author best known for novels set in Scotland.
Elizabeth Browning 1809–1861	Eminent poet of the Victorian era. Married to Robert Browning.
Charles Dickens 1812–1870	Prolific novelist of the Victorian Era. Wrote David Copperfield, A Christmas Carol and others.
Thomas Carlyle 1795–1881	Popular Victorian age essayist and historian.
Alfred Tennyson 1809–1892	Best known poet of he Victorian Age. Write Idylls of the King and many others.
Rudyard Kipling 1865–1936	Kipling's novel's and poetry are associated with British Imperialism, for good and ill.
Heroines
Grace Darling 1815–1842	British heroine who saved sailors from a ship that crashed on her father's lighthouse.
Florence Nightingale 1820–1910	Nurse who reformed the care of wounded soldiers during the Crimean War.

Colonies and Canada—1585 to 1885

Roanoke Colony to Saskatchewan Rebellion

Character/Date	Short Biography
Explorers
Humphrey Gilbert 1537–1583	Sea-faring adventurer. Founded the first English colony in Canada.
Martin Frobisher 1535–1594	Explored much of Canada in seach of the Northwest Passage. Fought in the Armada.
John Davis 1550–1605	British explorer who sought the Northwest Passage through Canada.
Henry Hudson 1575–1611	Explorer who discovered Hudson Bay and other parts of North America.
Jacques Cartier 1491–1557	Discovered the St. Lawrence Seaway and great lakes, while searching for Northwest Passage.
Pere Marquette 1637–1675	French Missionary who explored the Mississippi River from the Great Lakes.
Rene La Salle 1643–1687	Dauntless adventurer who followed the Mississippi to its mouth, and claimed all for France.
William Baffin 1585–1622	Discovered Baffin Bay while on a quest to find the Northwest Passage.
George Vancouver 1757–1798	Discovered Puget Sound, Vancouver Island, Columbia River; claimed region for Britain.
Alexander Mackenzie 1764–1820	Discovered the Mackenzie River and Great Northern Lakes of Canada.
French Heroes
Samuel de Champlain 1580–1635	Founded French colonies in the St. Lawrence seaway and great lake region. Father of 'New France.'
Count Frontenac 1622–1698	Governor of New France from 1672 to 1698. Expanded fur trade, and fought with British.
Madeline de Vercheres 1678–1747	Fended off a tribe of Indians attacking her for when she was only fourteen.
Daulac 1635–1660	Led a group of volunteers form Montreal to ambush a force of Iroquois. The entire force was killed to a man.
Isaac Jogues 1607–1646	Heroic Jesuit missionary to Indians. Tortured by the Indians, but returned to preach the gospel.
General Montcalm 1712–1759	Military leader of New France during the Seven Year War; died at Battle of Quebec.
British Heroes
General Braddock 1695–1755	Led a disastrous campaign to Fort Duquesne (Ohio) during the French and Indian Wars.
General Wolfe 1727–1759	Defeated the French at the Battle of Quebec, giving Canada to Britain. Died during battle.
Lord Durham 1792–1840	Helped draft the Reform bill of 1832. Then recommended a form of self government for Canada.
Lord Selkirk 1771–1820	Obtained a land grand near Red River valley and help poor Scottish pioneers settle there.
Laura Secord 1775–1868	During War of 1812, warned a British Lieutenant of an impending surprise attack.
Native Heroes
Tecumseh 1768–1813	Shawnee Hero. Tried to unify tribes against the colonists. Fought for Britain during War of 1812.
Louis Riel 1844–1885	Leader of the Metis tribes of Manitoba and Saskatchewan who fought for their rights.

British India—1526 to 1914

Baber founds Moghul Empire to First World War

Character/Date	Short Biography
Early India
Mahmud of Ghazni 971–1030	Moslem general who invaded India in the 11th century. Destroyed temples, collected tribute, then left.
Mohammed Ghori 1162–1206	Moslem general who invaded India in the late 12th century. Massacred thousands of Hindus.
Portuguese India: 1497-1580
Vasco da Gama 1460–1524	Portuguese explorer who voyaged to Calicut, India by sailing around the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa.
Francisco de Almeida 1450–1510	Portuguese general who served in the wars against Granada, and was appointed the first governor of Portuguese India.
Alfonso de Albuquerque 1453–1515	Portuguese commander who won numerous naval conflicts in Asia and helped establish a colony in India at Goa.
Mughal Empire: 1526-1739
Baber 1483–1530	Founder of the Moghul empire in India.
Humayun 1508–1556	Second of the Indian Mogul dynasty, and father of Akbar. Lost his kingdom but regained it with Persian help.
Akbar the Great 1542–1605	Reconquered, unified and expanded the Mughal Empire.
Jehanjir 1569–1627	Son of Akbar, and Great Mogul of India when the British first tried to establish trading posts in the region.
Nur Jehan 1577–1645	Favorite wife of Emperor Jahangir. Engaged in much legendary palace intrigue.
Aurangzeb 1618–1707	Moslem ruler of largely Hindu India. Consolidated the Mughal empire, but oppressed Hindus.
Shivaji 1630–1689	Founder of the Maratha emperor. Resisted the Moghul ruler under Aurangzeb.
Nadir Shuh 1688–1747	Great Persian General who attacked the Moghuls in India, and massacred civilians.
Muhammad Shah 1702–1748	Ruler of the Moghul Empire in India, when it was over-run by Nadir Shah of Persia.
Connaji Angria d. 1729	Pirate prince who controlled the Malabar coast of India. His base at Geriah was attacked by Popock in 1756
Baji Rao I 1699–1740	Most famous Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy. Extended the Maratha kingdom to its greatest range.
Early British Era: 1740-1814
Dupleix 1697–1763	Governor of the French trading company in India; rival of Clive for control of Bengal;
Mir Jafar 1691–1765	Succeed to the position of Nawab of Bengal after Clive won the Battle of Plassey.
Robert Clive 1725–1774	British soldier, who rose to be a hero in the Carnatic Wars and delivered Bengal to Britain at the Battle of Plassey.
Siraj Ud Daulah 1733–1757	Last independent Nawab of Bengal. Lost his kingdom to Clive at Plassey.
Tipu Sultan 1750–1799	Took over the Mysore Kingdom on the death of his father Hyder Ali. Fought the British in a series of Anglo-Mysore wars.
Warren Hastings 1732–1818	Early Governor of India. Was tried for corruption, but acquitted after a lengthy trial.
Mir Cossim d. 1777	Son-in-law of Mir Jafar, who was raised to the Nawabship by the British, but rebelled against them.
Mahadaji Sindhia 1730–1794	Leader of the Sindhias of Gwalior. Fought at Panipat. Exceptional General who defeated British at Wargaom.
Hyder Ali 1722–1782	Muslim Ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in Southern India. Allied with the French against the British.
Tipu Sultan 1750–1799	Took over the Mysore Kingdom on the death of his father Hyder Ali. Fought the British in a series of Anglo-Mysore wars.
British Raj: 1814-19??
Jeswunt Rao Hoklar d. 1811	Leader of the Holkars of Idore. Fought Britain in the First and Second Maratha Wars.
Sindhia of Gwalior 1779–1827	Leader of the Sindhias of Gwalior. Fought Britain in the Second and Third Maratha Wars.
Lord Amherst 1773–1857	British ambassador to China, and then governor of India. Fought first Burmese War.
William Brydon 1811–1873	Surgeon in the Bengal army; sole surviver of the massacre at Khyber pass in Afghanistan.
Henry Havelock 1795–1857	Led a division to relieve Lucknow during the Sepoy Rebellion. Died during the siege.
Lord Dalhousie 1812–1860	Made major reforms and increased British holding in India, shortly before the mutiny.
Colin Campbell 1792–1863	Commanded the Highland Brigade during the Crimean War. Also served in India.
James Outram 1803–1863	Hero of the sieges of Cawnpore and Lucknow during the Sepoy Rebellion.
Lord Roberts 1832–1914	Career officer, saw service in Indian Mutiny, Afghanistan, Abyssinia, India and South Africa.
Marquess Wellesley 1760–1842	Governor-general of India, fought Second Maratha and Mysore wars. Later, promoted Catholic emancipation.
Nana Sahib 1824–1859	Adopted son of the Marthi Peshwar. Leader of the Indian Mutiny.
Baji Rao II d. 1851	Peshwa who fled to Britain for protection after loss to one of his enemies
Ranjit Singh 1780–1839	Sikh emperor of the Punjab. Ruled the Punjab well, as an independent state until his death.
Afghans, Burmese, Gurkhas, etc.
Alombra the Hunter 1714–1760	Burmese King. Founder of the Konbaung dynasty which bordered on Bengal.
Dost Muhammed 1793–1863	Afghan ruler during the first Anglo-Afghan War
Siddhartha Gautama 563–483 BC	Nepalese prince who left his throne to meditate and became the Buddha.

Colonial Africa—1770 to 1910

Discovery of Blue Nile to Union of South Africa

Character/Date	Short Biography
Explorers
Edward Bruce 1275–1318	Declared himself king of Ireland and led a rebellion against the English governors of Ireland.
Mungo Park 1771–1806	Explorer of the Niger river area in Africa.
Hugh Clapperton 1788–1827	Explored Sub-Saharan Africa. Discovered Lake Chad.
John Hanning Speke 1827–1864	Explored, with Burton, the Great lakes region of Africa.
David Livingstone 1813–1873	As a medical missionary, he explored uncharted regions of the interior of Africa.
Richard Burton 1821–1890	Explored, with Speke, the Great lakes region of Africa. Also translated Arabian Nights.
H. M. Stanley 1841–1904	Met Livingstone in African, then continued his explorations. Followed the Congo river to the sea.
Paul du Chaillu 1835–1903	Adventurer who explored equatorial Africa for six years, and tried to cross the continent.
Dutch/Boer Heroes
Jan van Riebeck 1619–1677	Founder and first Governor of the Dutch settlement at Cape Town, South Africa.
Simon van der Stel 1639–1712	First Governor-General of Dutch East India company's colony at Cape town.
Pieter Retief 1780–1838	Leader of Boers during the Great Trek. Murdered by Dingaan during negotiations.
Andries Pretorius 1798–1853	Leader of Boers who avenged death of Piet Retief, and formed the Transvaal Republic.
Paul Kruger 1825–1904	Boer leader who resisted British rule, and was president of the Transvaal Republic.
Louis Botha 1862–1919	Boer Hero during the Second Boer War. First Prime Minister of South Africa.
British Heroes
Harry Smith 1787–1860	Notable British military commander who served in the Peninsular War and afterward India and South Africa.
George Goldie 1846–1925	British administrator who created a trading company to secure Britain's claim to Nigeria.
George Grey 1812–1898	Governor of South Australia, Cape Colony, and New Zealand.
Cecil Rhodes 1853–1902	Power broker in South Africa, tried to turn all provinces into a British Colony.
Robert Baden-Powell 1857–1941	British general who defended city of Mafeking during the Boer War. Later founded the Boy Scout movement.
Dr. Jameson 1852–1917	South African statemen responsible for the failed 'Jameson Raid' on the Dutch Republic.
Horatio Kitchener 1850–1916	Military hero of the late 19th century, first in Sudan, and later in the Boer Wars
Native Heroes
Chaka 1781–1828	Chieftain who oversaw the Zulu's rise to power, and domination over a large region of S. Africa.
Dingan 1795–1840	Ruled Zulus after assassinating Shaka. Murdered Boer leaders leading to Zulu-Boer War.
Cetewayo 1826–1884	Leader of the Zulus during the Anglo-Zulu War.
Egypt/Sudan
Mehemet Ali 1769–1848	Albanian officer in the Turkish army who overthrew the Mamelukes in Egypt. Established his own dynasty. Cooperated with the British.
Arabi Pasha 1839–1911	Leader of an insurrectionary movement in Egypt in 1882
Mahdi 1844–1885	Raised an army of Rebel Muslim Sudanese. Caused widespread carnage. Besieged Khartoum.
The Khalifa 1846–1899	Succeeded as leader of the Mahdists on the death of Mahdi. Fought Kitchener at Omdurman.
Charles Gordon 1833–1885	General who defeated the Tai-pings in China, served as governor in Soudan and resisted the Mahdi in Khartoum.

Australia—1770 to 1907

Voyage of Captain Cook to Galipolli

Character/Date	Short Biography
Explorers
Abel Tasman 1603–1659	Visited Formosa and Japan, discovered Tasmania and New Zealand
William Dampier 1651–1715	English explorer who circumnavigated the globe three times, and discovered Australia and other islands in the South Pacific.
Captain Cook 1728–1779	Discovered Australia and New Zealand. Helped establish colonies there.
George Bass 1771–1803	Naturalist and Surgeon, who with Flinders, explored Botany Bay and Van Diemen's Land.
Matthew Flinders 1774–1814	Naval Captain, circumnavigated Australia and explored inner regions.
Australian Heroes
Ernest Rutherford 1871–1937	Father of nuclear physics. Advocated the orbital theory of the atom.
Arthur Philip 1738–1814	First Governor of New South Wales penal colony in Australia. Led colony through various difficulties.
William Bligh 1754–1817	British naval Captain who served as an unpopular governor of Australia. Famous for Mutiny on the Bounty.
Ned Kelly 1854–1880	Bushranger of Irish heritage who became a folk hero among Irish Catholic Australians.
John McArthur 1767–1834	British officer who introduced sheep farming and made Australia a leading wool producing region.
Breaker Morant 1864–1902	Australian horseman, poet, soldier, and folk-hero who was executed by the British for misconduct during the Boer Wars.
New Zealand Heroes
Samuel Marsden 1764–1838	Early settler in Australia and missionary to the Maori's in New Zealand.
William Hobson 1792–1842	British Captain who served as the first governor of New Zealand and negotiated the Treaty of Waitangi with natives.
Edward Wakefield 1796–1862	Organized early settlements in Australia and New Zealand.
George Grey 1812–1898	Governor of South Australia, Cape Colony, and New Zealand.
Hongi Hika 1772–1828	Maori chief who purchased weapons from the British and led his tribe to domination during the Musket Wars.
Hone Heke 1810–1850	Maori chief who resisted British rule, and instigated the Flagstaff War.

Science and Invention—1660 to 1914

Isaac Newton to Modern Warfare

Character/Date	Short Biography
Science - Astronomy
Tycho Brahe 1546–1601	Made accurate astronomical observations, used by Kepler to calculate motion of planets.
Johannes Kepler 1571–1630	Proposed Heliocentric theory after studying measurements of Tycho Brahe.
Galileo Galilei 1564–1642	Promoted Heliocentric theory against pressure from the Pope. Invented the telescope.
Isaac Newton 1642–1727	Outstanding scientist. Made important breakthroughs in physics, optics, and mathematics.
William Herschel 1738–1822	Astronomer who discovered the planet Uranus, improved telescopes, and made many other discoveries.
Science - Physics/Chemistry
Antoine Lavoisier 1743–1794	French scientist, known as the "Father of Chemistry". Discovered oxygen and established the principle of conservation of mass.
John Dalton 1766–1844	Chemist who proposed the atomic theory, and designed experiments to prove it.
Lord Kelvin 1824–1907	Made important discoveries in thermodynamics and electricity.
J. J. Thomson 1856–1940	Discovered the electron, and also the isotope.
Madame Curie 1867–1934	A pioneer in the field of radioactivity, and first female winner of the Nobel prize in physics.
Ernest Rutherford 1871–1937	Father of nuclear physics. Advocated the orbital theory of the atom.
Science - Biology/Geology
Carolus Linnaeus 1707–1778	Great Taxonomist, who initiated naming conventions and classification of plants and animals.
Charles Lyell 1797–1875	Influential 19th century Geologist who promoted the idea of doctrine of uniformitarianism (as opposed to catastrophism.)
Charles Darwin 1809–1882	Proposed the theory of evolution of species. Wrote The Descent of Man.
Electromagnetism/Communication
Alexander Volta 1745–1827	Invented the first usable electrical storage battery.
Samuel Morse 1791–1872	Inventor of Morse code, a system telegraph transmission widely used before the telephone.
Michael Faraday 1791–1867	Physicist who was important in the development of electricity and magnetism.
James Clerk Maxwell 1831–1879	Developed laws defining the behavior of electricity and magnetism.
Alexander Graham Bell 1847–1922	Inventor of the telephone, and also a founder of a school for the deaf.
Thomas Edison 1847–1931	Prolific inventor, responsible for improvements in the light bulb, movies, phonograph, and many others.
Guglielmo Marconi 1874–1937	Inventor of a wireless telegraphy system, first used on ships.
Medicine
William Harvey 1578–1657	Medical doctor who described the process of circulation and the role of the heart and blood.
Edward Jenner 1749–1823	English doctor who developed a vaccine for smallpox.
Louis Pasteur 1822–1895	Renowned scientist in bacteriology. Helped develop germ theory of disease and pasteurization process.
Joseph Lister 1827–1912	Promoted the idea of sterilization using antiseptics to kill germs on wounds and medical instruments.
Alexander Fleming 1881–1895	Scottish biologist who studied bacteria and discovered the antibiotic properties of penicillin.
Textiles
James Hargreaves 1720–1778	Inventor of an automated Spinning wheel. Founder of the Industrial Revolution.
Richard Arkwright 1732–1792	Inventor of the spinning frame, which allowed water or steam power to spin cloth.
Samuel Crompton 1753–1827	Inventor of the Spinning Mule, which could be used to make fine cloth such as Muslin.
Eli Whitney 1765–1825	Inventor of the Cotton Gin, and also interchangeable parts for rifles.
Elias Howe 1819–1867	American inventor of the sewing machine. His great innovation was the "lock stitch".
Industry
James Watt 1736–1819	Inventor of the Steam Engine, and founder of the Industrial Revolution.
Robert Fulton 1765–1815	Inventor of Steamboats. Operated the steamboat Clermont on the Hudson River.
George Stephenson 1781–1848	Inventor of the steam locamotive, and the modern railroad.
Charles Goodyear 1800–1860	Discovered the process for 'vulcanizing' rubber, and making it far more usable.
Cyrus McCormick 1809–1884	Invented the mechanical reaper, which revolutionized agriculture, especially in midwest.
Henry Bessemer 1813–1898	Invented a process for the manufacture of steel, that was of superior quality for a low cost.
Rudolf Diesel 1858–1913	German engineer and inventor who developed a practical internal combustion 'diesel' engine.
Wilber and Orville 1871–1948	Inventors of the first practical airplane. The Wright brothers were self-educated bicycle shop owners.

Historical Characters of British Empire

Glorious Revolution—1688 to 1745

Glorious Revolution to Last Jacobite Rising

Stuarts

Political/Military

Arts and Sciences

Foundation of Empire—1740 to 1815

War of Jenkin's Ear to Napoleonic Wars

Monarchs/Statesmen

Military

Arts/Literature

Heroines

Height of Empire—1815 to 1902

Battle of Waterloo to Second Boer War

Monarchs/Statesmen

Military

Art and Literature

Heroines

Colonies and Canada—1585 to 1885

Roanoke Colony to Saskatchewan Rebellion

Explorers

French Heroes

British Heroes

Native Heroes

British India—1526 to 1914

Baber founds Moghul Empire to First World War

Early India

Portuguese India: 1497-1580

Mughal Empire: 1526-1739

Early British Era: 1740-1814

British Raj: 1814-19??

Afghans, Burmese, Gurkhas, etc.

Colonial Africa—1770 to 1910

Discovery of Blue Nile to Union of South Africa

Explorers

Dutch/Boer Heroes

British Heroes

Native Heroes

Egypt/Sudan

Australia—1770 to 1907

Voyage of Captain Cook to Galipolli

Explorers

Australian Heroes

New Zealand Heroes

Science and Invention—1660 to 1914

Isaac Newton to Modern Warfare

Science - Astronomy

Science - Physics/Chemistry

Science - Biology/Geology

Electromagnetism/Communication

Medicine

Textiles

Industry