| AD Year | Event |
|---|
| VISIGOTH SPAIN |
| 350 |
Ulfilas, an Arian missionary, converts Goths, creates Gothic alphabet, translates Bible. |
| 409 |
Waves of barbarians, including Suevi, Franks, and Vandals invade Roman Hispania. |
| 414 |
Ataulfus leads the Visigoths into Hispania and settles there. |
| 415 |
Wallia leads the Visigoths to victory over rival barbarians and founds the Visigoth Kingdom. |
| 451 |
Visigoths under Theodoric fight along side the Romans against Attila the Hun at Chalons. |
| 466 |
Euric made the country still more independent of Rome and framed the Gothic Code. |
| 506 |
Alaric II opposes Clovis, and loses Aquitaine to the Franks. |
| 586 |
Recared renounces Arian Christian and embraces the Church of Rome. |
| 589 |
Third council of Toledo denounces Arianism and puts restrictions on Spanish Jews. |
| 672 |
Good King Wamba attemps important reforms of government, but is deposed. |
| 711 |
Visigoths are overwhelmed by Moors at the Battle of Guadalete. |
| AD Year | Event |
|---|
| MOORISH CONQUEST |
| 711 |
The Saracens, under Tariq ibn Ziyad, overthrow the Visigoth kingdom at the Battle of Guadalete. |
| 718 |
Pelayo of Asturias founded Christian kingdom of Asturias following the Battle of Covadonga. |
| 721 |
Odo of Aquitaine drives the Moorish army out of France at the Battle of Toulouse. |
| 732 |
The Saracens defeated at Tours by Charles Martel; retreat of Moors to southern Spain. |
| CALIPHATE OF CORDOVA |
| 755 |
Caliphate of Cordova established by Abderrahman I, last surviving Umayyad prince. |
| 778 |
First Frankish raid into Moorish Spain by Charlemagne and his Frankish knights. |
| 800 |
Charlemagne returns to Spain. Franks gain control of Barcelona, later Catalonia. |
| 824 |
Franks defeated at by treachery at Roncevalles Pass, subject of Song of Roland . |
| 859 |
Eulogius, Perfectus and other Martyrs of Cordoba executed for professing Christian faith. |
| 912 |
Abderrahman III becomes Caliph of Cordoba, leads Moorish armies against Christians. |
| 939 |
Ramiro II of Leon defeats Abderrahman III, gained Moorish territory in Castile at Battle of Simancas. |
| 976 |
First conquest of Almanzor, who mastered nearly all of Spain; ruled until 1002. |
| 1002 |
Death of Almanzor at the Battle of Calatanazor. |
| 1010 |
Beginning of Civil War between rival claimants to the Caliphate of Cordova. |
| 1031 |
After 20 years of war, the Moorish empire breaks up into "tarifs" (Taifas). |
| ALMORAVIDS AND ALMOHADS |
| 1085 |
Alfonso VI of Castile captures Toledo, gains much Moorish territory in Central Spain. |
| 1086 |
Almoravid Berbers arrive in Spain and prevail against the Christians at Battle of Zalaka. |
| 1094 |
Almoravides defeat Moorish princes, consolidate power and set up a dynasty at Cordova. |
| 1095 |
El Cid captures Valencia; rules over both Moorish, Christian subjects. |
| 1139 |
Afonso Henriques defeats Yussef at Battle of Ourique, establishes kingdom of Portugal. |
| 1147 |
Moors lose Lisbon to Afonso of Portugal; Fall of the Almoravide dynasty in Africa. |
| 1184 |
Almohads defeat last of the Almoravids, make their capital at Seville. |
| 1212 |
Decisive victory of the Christians at Las Navas de Tolosa decides the fate of Spain. |
| 1236 |
St. Ferdinand captures Cordova. It stays permanently in Christian hands. |
| 1248 |
St. Ferdinand captures Seville; Fall of the Almohads of Iberia. |
| KINGDOM OF GRANADA |
| 1238 |
Kingdom of Granada established by Mohammed Alhamar; pays tribute to king of Castile. |
| 1340 |
Army of Spaniards defeats invading army of African Moors at the Battle of Rio Salado. |
| 1482 |
Ferdinand the Catholic commences a war against Granada. Conquers key city of Alhama. |
| 1492 |
Moorish capital of Granada captured; Boabdil gives up the city to Isabel and Ferdinad. |
| AD Year | Event |
|---|
| 720 |
Pelayo defeats Moors at Battle of Covadonga, founds Christian kingdom of Asturias. |
| CORDOVA CALIPHATE |
| 837 |
Kingdom of Navarre in the Pyrenees gains its independence from the Franks. |
| 910 |
Leon is united with Asturias and becomes the predominant Christian kingdom in Spain. |
| 932 |
Fernan Gonsalez asserts the independence of Castile. |
| 976 |
First conquest of Almanzor, who mastered nearly all of Spain; ruled until 1002. |
| 1031 |
After 20 years of Civil war, Moorish empire breaks up into "tarifs" (Taifas). |
| 1035 |
Ramirez I establishes the Kingdom of Aragon. |
| 1072 |
Alfonso VI becomes king of both Leon and Castile. He quarrels with El Cid. |
| 1085 |
Alfonso VI captures the Moorish stronghold of Toledo. |
| ALMORAVIDS AND ALMOHADS |
| 1095 |
El Cid captures Valencia; rules justly over Moorish and Christians.
|
| 1137 |
Catalonia united permanently to the Crown of Aragon, under Ramon and Petronilla of Aragon. |
| 1144 |
Alfonso of Leon defeated the Moors; dynasty of the Almohads at Cordova. |
| 1212 |
Victory of Christians over Moors at Las Navas de Tolosa decided the fate of Spain. |
| 1228 |
James of Aragon captures the Balearic Isles. |
| 1235 |
Ferdinand III of Castile captured Cordova. |
| 1248 |
Ferdinand III. captured Seville; work on the Alhambra begun. |
| GRANADA |
| 1367 |
Battle of Navarrete saves Pedro of Castile. |
| 1369 |
Pedro of Castile overthrown by half-brother Henry II of Castile . |
| 1469 |
Marriage of Ferdinand the Catholic and Isabel united the Christian dominions of Spain. |
| 1481 |
Establishment of the Inquisition. |
| 1492 |
Granada captured. Voyage of Columbus sets forth. Expulsion of the Jews. |
| 1504 |
Death of Isabella. |
| 1512 |
Ferdinand conquers the greater part of Navarre. |
| 1516 |
Death of Ferdinand; Hapsburg grandson Charles V inherits throne of Spain. |
| AD Year | Event |
|---|
| PORTUGUESE EXPLORATION OF AFRICA/ASIA |
| 1420 |
Discovery of Madiera |
| 1427 |
Discovery of the Azores |
| 1441 |
Discovery of Cape Blanco |
| 1456 |
Alvise Cadamosto reaches Cape Verde |
| 1460 |
Death of Prince Henry the Navigator |
| 1482 |
Diego Cao discovers the mouth of the Congo River |
| 1488 |
Bartholomew Diaz doubles the Cape of Good Hope |
| 1498 |
Vasco da Gama discovers a sea-route to India |
| 1505 |
Zanzibar claimed for Portugal |
| 1509 |
Battle of Diu sets up Portuguese hegemony in the Indian Ocean. |
| 1512 |
Alfonso de Albuquerque founds the island of Goa for Portugal |
| SPANISH EXPLORATION OF NEW WORLD |
| 1492 |
Christopher Columbus Discovers America |
| 1493 |
First Settlement on Hispaniola (Dominican Republic) |
| 1499 |
Second Voyage of Amerigo Vespucci |
| 1510 |
Establishment of Colony at Darien (Balboa) |
| 1511 |
Conquest of Cuba |
| 1513 |
Vasco Nunez Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean |
| 1513 |
Ponce de Leon searches for the fountain of youth and discovers Florida |
| 1519 |
Hernando Cortez conquers the Aztec empire, claims Mexico for Spain. |
| 1519 |
Ferdinand Magellan embarks on first round-the-world voyage. |
| 1532 |
Francisco Pizarro and de Soto conquer the Incas of Peru |
| 1541 |
Hernando De Soto explores much of the Southeast U.S., discovers the Mississippi. |
| AD Year | Event |
|---|
| REIGN OF CHARLES V |
| 1516 |
Charles V ascends the throne of Spain. |
| 1517 |
Protestant Reformation breaks out in Germany. |
| 1521-1526 |
Italian War against Francis I of France. |
| 1526-1530 |
War of the League of Cognac is fought in Italy. |
| 1527 |
Charles V sacks Rome and imprisons the pope. |
| 1521 |
Conquest of Aztecs in Mexico by Hernando Cortez. |
| 1521 |
Diet of Worms—Lutheran doctrines condemned as heresy. |
| 1525 |
Charles V establishes a Council of the Indies to govern American territories. |
| 1529 |
Solyman the Magnificent leads a Turkish army against Vienna, but is forced to withdraw. |
| 1532 |
Conquest of Incas in Peru by Francisco Pizarro. |
| 1534 |
Saint Ignatius of Loyola founds the Society of Jesus. |
| 1535 |
Charles V leads the Spanish navy to victory at the Conquest of Tunis. |
| 1545 |
First Session of the Council of Trent. |
| 1555 |
Peace of Augsburg—Lutheranism tolerated in Holy Roman Empire. |
| REIGN OF PHILIP II |
| 1556 |
Charles V Abdicates, Philip II becomes King. |
| 1560 |
Holy League naval fleet organized under Andrea Doria. |
| 1562 |
Saint Teresa of Avila begins reform of the Carmelite religious order. |
| 1566 |
Spanish Treasure fleet to Americas and Philippines established on regular schedule. |
| 1568 |
Beginning of the Revolt in the Netherlands |
| 1569 |
Morisco rebellion in Catalonia put down by Don John of Austria. |
| 1571 |
The Battle of Lepanto detroys the Ottoman fleet in the Mediterranean. |
| 1579 |
Union of Utrecht—Northern Netherlands declare independence from Spain. |
| 1580 |
After death of heirless king, Portugal is united under the Spanish Crown. |
| 1584 |
William the Silent, Protestant patriot of the Netherlands is assassinated. |
| 1588 |
Spanish Armada sent to invade England is defeated. |
| LATER HAPSBURGS (Philips III, IV, and Charles II) |
| 1605 |
Cervantes publishes Don Quixote |
| 1609 |
Expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain |
| 1640 |
Catalonia made alliance with France, rebelled from Spanish crown |
| 1640 |
Portuguese noble declared King John IV, leads war of Portuguese independence. |
| 1635-1659 |
Franco-Spanish War ended with Treaty of the Pyrenees. |
| 1700 |
Death of Charles II, last Habsburg king of Spain |
| 1700-14 |
War of the Spanish Succession: England, Austria, oppose Bourbon candidate. |
| AD Year | Event |
|---|
| 18th CENTURY |
| 1704 |
Loss of Gibralter to the British |
| 1714 |
War of the Spanish Succession brought to a close, Philip V retains the throne |
| 1718 |
Spain loses War of Quadruple alliance, surrenders Italian territories |
| 1727 |
Spain fails to retake Gibralter during War with England |
| 1740-48 |
Beginning War of the Austrian Succession |
| 1754-63 |
Seven Year's War, Florida lost to Spain. |
| 1759 |
Charles III ascends throne and attempts "modern" reforms. |
| 1773 |
Suppression of the Jesuits |
| 1778 |
Spain joins American Revolutionary War in order to fight against Britain. |
| 1788 |
Spain falls under control of queen Maria Louisa and Emanuel Godoy. |
| NAPOLEONIC/REVOLUTIONARY ERA |
| 1808 |
Napoleon over-runs Spain, initiates Peninsular War |
| 1810 |
South American governments declare independence from Spain. |
| 1814 |
Ferdinand VII is restored to the throne. Refuses liberal constitution. |
| 1817 |
Much of South America lost to Spain after the Battle of Chacabuco |
| 1820-23 |
Liberal coup d'etat briefly establishes a republican government |
| 1821 |
Mexico declares independence from Spain. |
| 1823 |
Peru and Ecuador win independence from Spain |
| 19th CENTURY |
| 1823 |
Ferdinand VII, supported by France, is restored to the throne. |
| 1833-43 |
Carlist Wars, Traditionalists seeks to place Don Carlos on the throne |
| 1835 |
Ecclesiastical confiscations—Monastic orders dissovled, property confiscated. |
| 1843 |
Isabella II ascends to throne of Spain at age 13. |
| 1846 |
Second Carlist War |
| 1868 |
Isabella II deposed, exiled to France |
| 1869 |
Liberal constituional monarchy attempted under Amedeus of Savoy |
| 1873 |
First Spanish Republic attempted, collapsed almost immediately. |
| 1874 |
Alfonso XII raised to the throne of Spain |
| 1898 |
Spanish American War, Cuba and Philippines lost to Spain. |
| 1931 |
Second Spanish Republic quickly descends into anarchy. |
| 1936-39 |
Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War |
| AD Year | Event |
|---|
| AZTEC EMPIRE |
| 1200 |
Rise of Aztec nation in the Central Valley of Mexico. |
| 1440 |
Montezuma I ascends to the Aztec throne. |
| 1502 |
Montezuma II ascends to the Aztec throne. |
| 1521 |
Hernando Cortez conquers the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. |
| 1585 |
Franciscan Missionary publishes Florentine Codex: history of the Aztecs. |
| VICEROYALTY OF NEW SPAIN |
| 1531 |
Our Lady of Guadalupe appears to St. Juan Diego |
| 1535-50 |
Rule of first Viceroy to New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza |
| 1540-42 |
Explorations of Francisco de Coronado in American Southwest. |
| 1768 |
Jesuits expelled from Mexico, leaving Baja missions unattended. |
| 1769 |
Junipero Serra founds over a dozen missions in California. |
| MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE |
| 1808 |
Overthrow of Spanish king by Napoloen leads to Peninsular War in Spain. |
| 1810 |
Miguel Hidalgo leads revolt, seeks independence from Napoleonic Spain. |
| 1814 |
Restoration of Bourbon king in Spain leads to lull in independence movement. |
| 1822-23 |
Agustin Iturbide proclaimed emperor, then overthrown by republican conspirators. |
| AD Year | Event |
|---|
| EARLY REPUBLIC |
| 1824 |
Republicans enact 'Federal' constitution of 1824, Guadalupe Victoria elected as first President. |
| 1827 |
Spanish peninsulares and prominent monarchists expelled from Mexico. |
| 1829 |
Vincente Guerrero forces resignation of rival president-elect, seizes control of government . |
| 1829-33 |
Government falls into chaos, presidency changes hands nine times during second 4 year term. |
| 1833 |
Santa Anna gains control of presidency, enacts 'Seven Laws' to strengthen central government. |
| 1836 |
Texas declares its independence from Mexico, defeats at Battle of San Jacinto. |
| 1846-48 |
Mexican American War. Mexico forced to cede northern provinces to the United States. |
| REFORM ERA |
| 1855 |
Juarez and Alvarez organize 'Plan of Ayulta': Liberal overthrow of government. |
| 1857 |
Liberals enact 'Constitution of 1857' including controversial anti-clerical measures. |
| 1857-61 |
United States intervenes in 'War of Reform' on behalf of liberals. |
| 1861 |
Benito Juarez elected President, cancels payment on national debt. |
| 1862 |
French Intervention on behalf of conservatives, installs Maximilian I as Emperor of Mexico. |
| 1867 |
Maximilian of Austria is tried for treason and shot. Juarez returns to power. |
| 1876-1911 |
Reign of Porfirio Diaz; Mexico stable and at peace under autocratic leaders. |
| MEXICAN REVOLUTION |
| 1910 |
Diaz legalizes political parties, allows opposition to run for President, then rigs election. |
| 1911 |
Francisco Madero, backed by "Constitutionalist party" overthrows Diaz. |
| 1913 |
Victoriana Huerta, leader of "Federalist party" and ally of Diaz. |
| 1914 |
Carranza, constitutionalist leader, overthrows Huerta with help of U.S. Navy. |
| 1917 |
Liberal constitution of 1917 is so anti-clerical, even Carranza refuses to enforce. |
| 1924 |
Atheist Plutarco Calles elected president, brutally enforce anti-Clerical laws. |
| 1926-29 |
Cristero War: Catholics revolt against brutal oppressions of priests and Church closings. |
| 1929 |
Calles forms of PRI (Mexican National Party) |
| AD Year | Event |
|---|
| PERU, COLUMBIA, VENEZUELA |
| 1532 |
Pizzaro and Almagro conquer Peru |
| 1542 |
Bartholomew de las Casas promotes better treatment of Native Americans |
| 1572 |
Tupac Amaru leads the last Incan revolt against the Spaniards |
| 1640 |
Dutch take control of Northern Brazil; Found Guyana |
| 1697 |
Mayans defeated by the Spaniards |
| 1767 |
Jesuits expelled from Latin America |
| 1799 |
Humboldt explores Mexico and South America |
| 1797-1814 |
Napoleonic Wars in Europe disrupt governments of Latin America |
| 1811 |
Venezuela, led by Miranda, declares its independence from Spain |
| 1812 |
Earthquake in Caracus destroys popular support for independence |
| 1825 |
Bolivia declares its independence from Spain |
| ARGENTINA, CHILE |
| 1580 |
Buenos Aires established as primary port on Pacific |
| 1609 |
Jesuit "reductions" in Paraguay founded |
| 1816 |
Argentina declares its independence |
| 1818 |
Chile declares its independence |
| 1822 |
San Martin and Bolivar meet in Guayaguil |
| 1879-84 |
Chile defeats Peru and BOlivia in the War of the Pacific |
| 1864-70 |
War of the Triple Alliance; Paraguay is defeated |
| BRAZIL |
| 1500 |
Brazil discovered and claimed for Portugal by Cabral |
| 1808 |
Monarchs of Portugal move their capital to Rio de Janiero |
| 1816-31 |
Reign of Dom Pedro I of Brazil; Brazil declares independence in 1822 |
| 1840 |
Pedro II becames the head of a constitutional monarchy in Brazil |
| 1889 |
Overthrow of Dom Pedro II by Brazilian military |
| CARIBBEAN |
| 1804 |
Slave revolt in Haiti expells the Europeans |
