| BC Year | Event | |
|---|---|---|
| 1000 | Cadiz established as trading center by Phoenicians. Over time Carthage gained control of most important ports, mines, and trading centers. | |
| First Punic War between Roman and Carthage. | ||
| 236 | Hamilcar makes Spain a Carthaginian province. | |
| 218 | Hannibal captures Saguntum, a Roman ally; provokes the Second Punic War. | |
| 206 | Carthaginian leaders driven out of Spain. Rome form Hispania provinces. | |
| 195 | Cato (the censor) puts down Turdetani Uprising and other rebellions. | |
| 154 | The Lusitanians, under Celtiberian hero Viriathus defeat the Romans. | |
| 146 | Carthage destroyed. Migration to Celtiberian, Roman, and Jewish regions. | |
| 139 | Death of the Lusitain rebel hero Viriathus by Roman treachery. | |
| 133 | Scipio the Younger destroys Numantia after costly siege. | |
| 105 | Cimbrian invasion of Hispania ended by Celtiberians. | |
| 97 | Celtiberians under Sertorius, rise against Rome. | |
| 71 | Sertorius assassinated; Pompey reconquers Hispania for Rome. | |
| 61 | Julius Caesar is governor of Hispania Citerior. | |
| Caesarean Civil War. Important battles at Massilia, Llerda, and Munda. | ||
| Cantabrian War: Augustus Caesar wins decisive victories over northern tribes. Provinces of Tarraconensis, Baetica, and Lusitania established. | ||
| AD Year | Event | |
|---|---|---|
| Hispania a prosperous Roman province. Produces leaders such as Trajan, Hadrian , and Seneca. | ||
| 350 | Ulfilas, Arian missionary, converts Goths, translates Bible to Gothic language. | |
| 409 | Waves of barbarians, including Suevi, Franks, and Vandals invade Hispania. | |
| 414 | Ataulfus leads Visigoths into Hispania and settles there. | |
| 415 | Wallia leads the Visigoths to victory over rivals and founds Visigoth Kingdom. | |
| 451 | Visigoths under Theodoric fight along side the Romans against Attila the Hun. | |
| 466 | Euric improves condition of Visigoths, frames the Gothic Code. | |
| 506 | Alaric II opposes Clovis, and loses Aquitaine to the Franks. | |
| 586 | Recared renounces Arian Christian and embraces the Church of Rome. | |
| 589 | Council of Toledo denounces Arianism, puts restrictions on Spanish Jews. | |
| 672 | Good King Wamba attemps important reforms of government, but is deposed. | |
| 711 | The Saracens, under Tariq ibn Ziyad, overthrow Visigoths at Battle of Guadalete. | |
| 716 | Moorish governor, Musa bin Nusair, exiled and son killed for marrying a Christian. | |
| 718 | Christian hero Pelayo defeats Moors at Covadonga, founds kingdom of Asturias. | |
| 721 | Odo of Aquitaine drives the Moorish army out of France at the Battle of Toulouse. | |
| 732 | Saracens defeated by Charles Martel at Tours; retreat across Pyrenees. | |
| 750 | Umayyad Caliphate overthrown in Damascus. Most of Royal family killed. | |
| 755 | Caliphate of Cordova established by Abderrahman I, last Umayyad prince. | |
| AD Year | Event | |
|---|---|---|
| 755 | Caliphate of Cordova established by Abderrahman I, last Umayyad prince. | |
| 778 | First Frankish raid into Moorish Spain by Charlemagne and his Frankish knights. | |
| 800 | Charlemagne returns to Spain. Franks gain control of Barcelona, later Catalonia. | |
| 824 | Franks defeated at by treachery at Roncevalles Pass, subject of Song of Roland . | |
| 837 | Kingdom of Navarre in the Pyrenees gains its independence from the Franks. | |
| 859 | Eulogius and other Martyrs of Cordoba executed for Christian faith. | |
| 910 | Leon united with Asturias, becomes predominant Christian kingdom in Spain. | |
| 912 | Abderrahman III Caliph of Cordoba, leads Moorish armies against Christians. | |
| 932 | Fernan Gonsalez establishes the independence of Castile, capital at Burgos. | |
| 939 | Ramiro II defeats Abderrahman III at Simancas, gains territory for Castile. | |
| 976 | First conquest of Almanzor, who mastered nearly all of Spain; ruled until 1002. | |
| 1002 | Death of Almanzor at the Battle of Calatanazor. | |
| 1010 | Beginning of Civil War between rival claimants to the Caliphate of Cordova. | |
| 1031 | After 20 years of war, the Moorish empire breaks up into "tarifs" (Taifas). | |
| 1035 | Ramirez I establishes the Kingdom of Aragon. | |
| 1072 | Alfonso VI becomes king of both Leon and Castile. Quarrels with El Cid. | |
| 1085 | Alfonso VI captures the Moorish stronghold of Toledo and much of central Spain. | |
| 1086 | Almoravids arrive in Spain, defeat Christians at Battle of Zalaka. | |
| 1094 | Almoravides defeat Moorish princes and set up Emirate at Cordova. | |
| 1095 | El Cid captures Valencia; rules over both Moorish, Christian subjects. | |
| 1137 | Catalonia united to the Crown of Aragon under Ramon of Aragon. | |
| 1139 | Afonso Henriques defeats Yussef at Ourique, founds kingdom of Portugal. | |
| 1144 | Alfonso of Leon defeats the Almohads at Cordova. | |
| 1184 | Almohads defeat last of the Almoravids, make their capital at Seville. | |
| 1212 | Alfonso VIII lead Christians to victory over Almohads at Las Navas de Tolosa. | |
| 1228 | James of Aragon captures the Balearic Isles. | |
| 1236 | St. Ferdinand captures Cordova, traditional Moorish stronghold . | |
| 1238 | Kingdom of Granada founded by Mohammed Alhamar; pays tribute to Castile. | |
| 1248 | St. Ferdinand captures Seville, Almohad capital. | |
| 1340 | Spaniards defeats last invasion of African Moors at the Battle of Rio Salado. | |
| 1212 | Crusaders attack Jews of Castilian towns following victory at Navas de Tolosa | |
| 1250 | Papal bull sets restrictions on Jewish activities. Requires distinctive dress. | |
| 1350 | Favor shown to Jews by Pedro of Castile increases animosity and attacks. | |
| 1369 | Pedro of Castile, patron of Jews, overthrown by half-brother Henry Trastamara. | |
| 1380 | St. Vincent of Ferrer encourages thousands of Jews to convert to Christianity. | |
| 1391 | Massacres of Spanish Jews starting in Seville. Thousands of deaths and forced conversions. | |
| 1391 | Conversion of Solomon Ha-Levi, prominent Rabbi of Burgos, most powerful converso family in Castile. | |
| AD Year | Event | |
|---|---|---|
| 1454-74 | Corrupt reign Henry IV of Castile, older brother of Isabela. | |
| 1469 | Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castile. | |
| 1474 | Death of Henry IV causes war of succession for throne of Castile. | |
| 1479 | Victory of Isabella and Ferdinand over Joanne of Portugal for throne of Castile. | |
| 1476 | Isabella establishes militia, Santa Hermendad, to return law and order to Castile. | |
| 1480 | Isabel reforms finances and property taxes in Castile and pays off debts. | |
| 1491 | Marriage of Isabel's daughter to Prince of Portugal ends with death of husband. | |
| 1496 | Marriage of Joanna of Castile to Philip the Fair, Duke of Burgundy. | |
| 1497 | Suspected poisoning death of Isabel's only son John, heir to the throne of Castile. | |
| 1498 | Death of Isabel's eldest daughter following second marriage to king of Portugal. | |
| 1504 | Death of Isabel. | |
| 1506 | Second Marriage of Ferdinand to Navarre princess fails to produce heirs. | |
| 1512 | Ferdinand conquers the greater part of Navarre. | |
| 1516 | Death of Ferdinand; Hapsburg grandson Charles V inherits throne of Spain. | |
| 1516 | Cardinal Ximenes serves as regent until Charles V comes of age. | |
| 1482 | Ferdinand of Aragon takes city of Alhama, begins conquest of Granada. | |
| 1487 | Fall of Malaga, second largest city in Granda. | |
| 1492 | Capital of Granada captured; Boabdil surrenders city to Isabel and Ferdinad. | |
| 1499 | Most Moors in Granada convert to Christianity or face exile. | |
| 1509 | Spanish forces under Ximenes take Moorish stronghold of Oran in Africa. | |
| 1486 | Spanish monarchs reject proposals of Christopher Columbus but provide him with a pension. | |
| 1492 | Isabella supports Columbus' expedition. West Indies discovered October 1492. | |
| 1493 | Second Voyage. Seventeen ships, 1200 men, settlement on Hispaniola. | |
| 1498 | Third Voyage ends in arrest. Bobadilla appointed governor. | |
| 1499 | Alonso Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci explore coast of South America. | |
| 1502 | Nicolas Ovando replaces Bobadilla, brutally 'pacifies' rebellions in Hispaniola. | |
| 1510 | First Spanish colony on mainland established at Darien by Balboa. | |
| 1513 | Vasco Nunez Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean | |
| 1513 | Ponce de Leon searches for the fountain of youth, discovers Florida | |
| 1369 | Pedro of Castile, patron of Jews, overthrown by half-brother Henry Trastamara. | |
| 1380 | St. Vincent of Ferrer encourages thousands of Jews to convert to Christianity. | |
| 1391 | Massacres of Spanish Jews starting in Seville. Thousands of deaths and forced conversions. | |
| 1478 | Spanish Inquisition established, independent of Roman influence. | |
| 1480 | Ottoman sack of Otranto, massacre of Christians increases fear of treachery by false converts. | |
| 1483 | Tomas Torquemada, a Franciscan of Jewish descent, named Grand Inquisitor. | |
| 1490 | Ritual murder of 'Holy Child of La Guadia' enflames anti-Jewish sentiment. | |
| 1492 | Spanish Jews forced to convert or face expusion. | |
| 1492 | Conversion of Abraham Senior, Jewish advisor to Isabel and Ferdinand. | |
| 1492 | Shepardi Jews settle in Portugal, Italy, Netherlands, and Ottoman domains. | |
| AD Year | Event | |
|---|---|---|
| 1516 | Charles V ascends the throne of Spain. | |
| 1517 | Protestant Reformation breaks out in Germany. | |
| First Italian War against Francis I of France. | ||
| Italian War: League of Cognac, against France, Papal States, Venice. | ||
| 1527 | Charles V sacks Rome and imprisons the pope. | |
| 1521 | Conquest of Aztecs in Mexico by Hernando Cortez. | |
| 1521 | Diet of Worms—Lutheran doctrines condemned as heresy. | |
| 1525 | Council of the Indies is established to govern American territories. | |
| 1529 | Solyman leads a Turkish army against Vienna. | |
| 1532 | Conquest of Incas in Peru by Francisco Pizarro. | |
| 1534 | Ignatius of Loyola founds the Society of Jesus. | |
| 1535 | Charles V leads the Spanish navy to victory at the Conquest of Tunis. | |
| 1545 | First Session of the Council of Trent. | |
| 1555 | Peace of Augsburg—Lutheranism tolerated in Holy Roman Empire. | |
| 1556 | Charles V abdicates all office and retires to Monastery at Yuste. | |
| Hapsburg Empire divided between Philip II (Spain, Netherlands, New Spain), and Ferdinand (Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Holy Roman Empire). | ||
| 1556 | Philip II ascends to the throne of Spain and Netherlands. | |
| 1560 | Holy League naval fleet organized under Andrea Doria. | |
| 1562 | Teresa of Avila begins reform of the Carmelite religious order. | |
| 1566 | Spanish Treasure fleet to New Spain/Philippines sails on regular schedule. | |
| 1568 | Beginning of the Revolt in the Netherlands | |
| 1569 | Morisco rebellion in Catalonia put down by Don John of Austria. | |
| 1571 | The Battle of Lepanto detroys the Ottoman fleet in the Mediterranean. | |
| 1579 | Union of Utrecht—Northern Netherlands declare independence from Spain. | |
| 1580 | After death of heirless king, Portugal is united under the Spanish Crown. | |
| 1584 | William the Silent, Protestant patriot of the Netherlands is assassinated. | |
| 1588 | Spanish Armada sent to invade England is defeated. | |
| 1604 | Anglo-Spanish War brought to end after death of Philip II and Elizageth I. | |
| 1605 | Cervantes publishes Don Quixote | |
| 1609 | Expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain | |
| 1640 | Catalonia allies with France, rebels from Spanish crown | |
| 1640 | Portuguese usurper declared John IV; War of Portuguese independence. | |
| Franco-Spanish War ends with Treaty of the Pyrenees. | ||
| 1700 | Death of Charles II, last Habsburg king of Spain | |
| 1700-14 | War of the Spanish Succession: England, Austria, vs. French Bourbons. | |
| AD Year | Event | |
|---|---|---|
| 1704 | Loss of Gibralter to the British | |
| 1714 | War of the Spanish Succession brought to a close, Philip V retains the throne | |
| 1718 | Spain loses War of Quadruple alliance, surrenders Italian territories | |
| 1727 | Spain fails to retake Gibralter during War with England | |
| Beginning War of the Austrian Succession | ||
| Seven Year's War, Florida lost to Spain. | ||
| 1759 | Charles III ascends throne and attempts "modern" reforms. | |
| 1773 | Suppression of the Jesuits | |
| 1778 | Spain joins American Revolutionary War in order to fight against Britain. | |
| 1788 | Spain falls under control of queen Maria Louisa and Emanuel Godoy. | |
| 1808 | Napoleon over-runs Spain, initiates Peninsular War | |
| 1810 | South American governments declare independence from Spain. | |
| 1814 | Ferdinand VII is restored to the throne. Refuses liberal constitution. | |
| 1817 | Much of South America lost to Spain after the Battle of Chacabuco | |
| Liberal coup d'etat briefly establishes a republican government | ||
| 1821 | Mexico declares independence from Spain. | |
| 1823 | Peru and Ecuador win independence from Spain | |
| 1823 | Ferdinand VII, supported by France, is restored to the throne. | |
| Carlist Wars, Traditionalists seeks to place Don Carlos on the throne | ||
| 1835 | Ecclesiastical confiscations—Monastic orders dissovled, property confiscated. | |
| 1843 | Isabella II ascends to throne of Spain at age 13. | |
| 1846 | Second Carlist War | |
| 1868 | Isabella II deposed, exiled to France | |
| 1869 | Liberal constituional monarchy attempted under Amedeus of Savoy | |
| 1873 | First Spanish Republic attempted, collapsed almost immediately. | |
| 1874 | Alfonso XII raised to the throne of Spain | |
| 1898 | Spanish American War, Cuba and Philippines lost to Spain. | |
| 1931 | Second Spanish Republic quickly descends into anarchy. | |
| Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War | ||
| AD Year | Event | |
|---|---|---|
| 1492 | First voyage of Columbus to the Americas. New World claimed for Spain. | |
| 1503 | First Slaves brought from Africa to Hispaniola to work the mines. | |
| Spanish conquest of Cuba | ||
| 1513 | Vasco Nunez Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean | |
| 1519 | Ferdinand Magellan embarks on first round-the-world voyage. | |
| 1521 | Hernando Cortez conquers Mexico for Spain. Rules as governor for six years. | |
| 1532 | Francisco Pizarro conquers Incan Empire, Silver and Gold Mines found. | |
| Explorations of Francisco de Coronado in American Southwest. | ||
| 1541 | Hernando De Soto explores much of the Southeast U.S., discovers the Mississippi. | |
| 1524 | Cortez invites Franciscan Twelve Apostles of Mexico to convert the natives. | |
| 1525 | Council of the Indies is established to govern American territories. | |
| 1530 | Juan de Zumarraga appointed first Archbishop of Mexico. | |
| 1531 | Our Lady of Guadalupe appears to Juan Diego in Mexico. | |
| Antonio de Mendoza appointed First Viceroy of Mexico. | ||
| 1542 | New Laws for the Protection of the Indians promulgated by Charles V. | |
| 1551 | First Universities: University of San Marcos" in Lima, "University of Mexico in New Spain. | |
| 1551 | St. Augustine, first permanent settlement in North America, founded by Pedro Menendez. | |
| 1565 | First permanent Spanish settlement in Philippines established in Cebu. | |
| 1566 | Spanish Treasure fleet to New Spain/Philippines sails on regular schedule. | |
| 1578 | Francis Drake and other Privateers begin attacks on Spanish treasure ships. | |
| 1585 | Franciscan Missionary publishes Florentine Codex: history of the Aztecs. | |
| 1655 | Great Britain conquers Island of Jamaica and makes it a haven for Pirates. | |
| 1671 | Henry Morgan and band of pirates sack and loot Panama City. | |
| 'Reforms' intended to increase revenues, reduce influence of church and local (native-born) officials, enforce monopolies, and increase taxes. | ||
| 1713 | Begin 'Bourbon reforms' to strengthen monarchial control of colonies. | |
| 1738 | War of Jenkin's Ear with Britain. Britain presses rights to slave trade in America. | |
| 1763 | Spain cedes Florida to Britain for return of Cuba after Seven Years War. | |
| 1768 | Jesuits expelled from Mexico, leaving missions unattended. | |
| 1769 | Junipero Serra founds over a dozen missions in California. | |
| 1808 | Overthrow of Spanish king by Napoloen leads to Peninsular War in Spain. | |
| AD Year | Event | |
|---|---|---|
| The popular movement for Mexican 'Independence' was in all cases a reaction AGAINST Republican/Liberal governments in Spain that usurped the legitimate monarchy. Popular sentiment in both Spain and American colonies was strongly anti-republican. | ||
| 1808 | Overthrow of Spanish king by Napoloen leads to Peninsular War in Spain. | |
| 1810 | Miguel Hidalgo leads revolt against Napoleonic government of Spain. | |
| 1814 | Restoration of Ferdinand VII puts a stop to independence movement. | |
| Military coup in Spain installs unpopular liberal government. | ||
| 1822 | Spanish general Agustin Iturbide leads revolt against Liberal usurpers. | |
| 1823 | Iturbide proclaimed emperor, then overthrown by republican conspirators. | |
| 1823 | Monroe Doctrine proclaimed AFTER collapse of Liberal government in Spain to PREVENT return to monarchy favored by most of population. | |
| From the beginning the Mexican government was run by rival Freemason lodges. American-backed Yorkists were radicals who sought to weaken central government and create chaos so that Americans could confiscate Mexican territory. The Scottish rite 'conservatives' wanted to retain central control so they could pillage Mexican property and enrich themselves. Neither side had popular support. | ||
| 1824 | 'Federal' Constitution of 1824 cedes much control to regional governments. Guadalupe Victoria elected President. | |
| 1827 | Spanish peninsulares and prominent monarchists expelled from Mexico. | |
| 1829 | With backing by 'Yorkists' (American-backed radical criminals), Vincente Guerrero, forces resignation of 'Scottish-Rite' (conventional-conservative criminals) president-elect and seizes control of government . | |
| Government in chaos, presidency changes hands nine times during second 4 year term. | ||
| 1833 | Santa Anna gains control of presidency, enacts 'Seven Laws' to strengthen central government. | |
| 1836 | Texas declares independence, defeats Santa Anna at Battle of San Jacinto. | |
| 1846 | Mexican American War provoked by border skirmishes. Americans win resounding victories. | |
| 1848 | United States invades Mexican capital and forces Mexico cessession of northern provinces. | |
| 1849 | Gold is discovered in California the same month territory ceded to U.S.A. Amazing coincidence!!! | |
| The 'Reform Era' began when Juan Alvarez, a military dictator and murderous thug marched with an army into Mexico city, terrorized the population, and physically took possession of the offices of Government. He installed his liberal cronies, passed radical measures dispossessing his rivals, and called a constitutional convention, under control of his puppet-masters. He then resigned in favor of Juarez, his hand-picked replacement. | ||
| 1855 | Juarez and Alvarez the organize 'Plan of Ayutla': a Liberal overthrow of Santa Anna's 'Conservative' government. | |
| 1857 | Liberals enact 'Constitution of 1857' including controversial anti-clerical measures confiscating Church and common property. | |
| United States intervenes in 'War of Reform' on behalf of liberals. | ||
| Benito Juarez elected President, cancels payment on national debt. | ||
| 1862 | French Intervention on behalf of conservatives, installs Maximilian I as Emperor of Mexico. | |
| 1867 | Maximilian of Austria is tried for treason and shot. Juarez returns to power. | |
| Reign of Porfirio Diaz; Mexico stable and at peace under autocratic leaders. | ||
| 1910 | Diaz legalizes political parties, allows opposition to run for President, then rigs election. | |
| 1911 | Francisco Madero, backed by "Constitutionalist party" overthrows Diaz. | |
| 1913 | Victoriana Huerta, leader of "Federalist party" and ally of Diaz assumes control of government. | |
| 1914 | Carranza, constitutionalist leader, overthrows Huerta with help of U.S. Navy. | |
| 1917 | Liberal constitution of 1917 is so anti-clerical, even Carranza refuses to enforce. | |
| 1924 | Atheist Plutarco Calles elected president, brutally enforce anti-Clerical laws. | |
| Cristero War: Catholics revolt against brutal oppressions of priests and Church closings. | ||
| 1929 | Calles forms of PRI (Mexican National Party) | |
| AD Year | Event | |
|---|---|---|
| 1532 | Pizzaro and Almagro conquer Peru | |
| 1542 | Bartholomew de Casas promotes better treatment of Native Americans | |
| 1572 | Tupac Amaru leads the last Incan revolt against the Spaniards | |
| 1640 | Dutch take control of Northern Brazil; Found Guyana | |
| 1697 | Mayans defeated by the Spaniards | |
| 1767 | Jesuits expelled from Latin America | |
| 1799 | Humboldt explores Mexico and South America | |
| Napoleonic Wars in Europe disrupt governments of Latin America | ||
| 1811 | Venezuela, led by Miranda, declares its independence from Spain | |
| 1812 | Earthquake in Caracus destroys popular support for independence | |
| 1825 | Bolivia declares its independence from Spain | |
| 1580 | Buenos Aires established as primary port on Pacific | |
| 1609 | Jesuit "reductions" in Paraguay founded | |
| 1816 | Argentina declares its independence | |
| 1818 | Chile declares its independence | |
| 1822 | San Martin and Bolivar meet in Guayaguil | |
| Chile defeats Peru and BOlivia in the War of the Pacific | ||
| War of the Triple Alliance; Paraguay is defeated | ||
| 1500 | Brazil discovered and claimed for Portugal by Cabral | |
| 1808 | Monarchs of Portugal move their capital to Rio de Janiero | |
| Reign of Dom Pedro I of Brazil; Brazil declares independence in 1822 | ||
| 1840 | Pedro II becames the head of a constitutional monarchy in Brazil | |
| 1889 | Overthrow of Dom Pedro II by Brazilian military | |
| 1804 | Slave revolt in Haiti expells the Europeans | |