Australia and New Zealand—The British Settlement of Australia and New Zealand, proceeded relatively peacefully, since the indigenous residents of these countries were neither populous nor particularly civilized. A great deal of the growth of these colonies was fueled by the enormous population growth within the British realm during the 19th century, and also by the availability of inexpensive land. Very poor young men and women, with limited prospects in their homeland, could move to any of Britain's provinces and find plenty of opportunity. Aside from these similarities however, the history of the settlement of Australia and New Zealand proceeded quite differently.

THE MAORIS AT ONCE ATTACKED THE NEAREST BOAT

Early Settlement of Australia—Australia and New Zealand were both claimed for Britain by Captain Cook on his first voyage to the region in 1770, but permanent settlement did not begin in Australia until 1788, several years after Britain lost possession of most of her American colonies. The initial settlement in New South Wales was a penal colony, and many of the first European inhabitants of Australia were criminals. These resulted in a very high degree of self-reliance among subsequent settlers, and a severe system of military justice because from the earliest times, Australia contained a unusually high outlaw population. Other colonies in Australia were founded in South Australia, Victoria and Queensland. They were governed fairly independently because of the large distances between them. In 1850 a gold rush caused a fairly rapid increase in population, but for the most part the population grew slowly and steadily during the 19th century. There were few military actions against the native population for several reasons. First, they were highly susceptible to infection disease, and secondly, the continent was large enough, and European settlement slow enough that when they were forced to resettle, there were few overt land disputes. Because of the almost total lack of military feats in the history of Australian settlement, ANZAC day is honored on the anniversary of the day the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps landed on the Gallipoli Peninsula during the Great War. The united provinces of Australia gained their independence from Great Britain in 1931.

Early Settlement of New Zealand—Although in many ways New Zealand's climate was more attractive that that of Australia, she was settled considerably later because of her more populous, and somewhat warlike natives. The earliest European settlers in New Zealand were in fact sailors, traders, and other adventurers who desired to live among the native Maoris without the benefits or oppressions of civilized society. After trying to avoid involvement in the region for some time, in 1830 Britain finally decided to claim New Zealand as a colony and peacefully negotiated a treaty with the major native tribes in the region. From that point on, British colonists began to arrive, especially on the Northern island, but it was not for several generations that the Europeans were populous enough to have serious land disputes with the natives. This led to a series of land wars which the Maori's, who were skilled guerilla warriors, occasionally seemed to enjoy.

Over the long term, of course, the Maori's lost, but their relationship with the British colonizers never soured to the degree of other conquered peoples. There was considerable inter-marriage between the two races and when New Zealand did become independent from Britain the Maoris and their mixed-race progeny were granted full rights of citizenship.

Character/Date	Short Biography
Explorers
Abel Tasman 1603–1659	Visited Formosa and Japan, discovered Tasmania and New Zealand
William Dampier 1651–1715	English explorer who circumnavigated the globe three times, and discovered Australia and other islands in the South Pacific.
Captain Cook 1728–1779	Discovered Australia and New Zealand. Helped establish colonies there.
George Bass 1771–1803	Naturalist and Surgeon, who with Flinders, explored Botany Bay and Van Diemen's Land.
Matthew Flinders 1774–1814	Naval Captain, circumnavigated Australia and explored inner regions.
Australian Heroes
Ernest Rutherford 1871–1937	Father of nuclear physics. Advocated the orbital theory of the atom.
Arthur Philip 1738–1814	First Governor of New South Wales penal colony in Australia. Led colony through various difficulties.
William Bligh 1754–1817	British naval Captain who served as an unpopular governor of Australia. Famous for Mutiny on the Bounty.
Ned Kelly 1854–1880	Bushranger of Irish heritage who became a folk hero among Irish Catholic Australians.
John McArthur 1767–1834	British officer who introduced sheep farming and made Australia a leading wool producing region.
Breaker Morant 1864–1902	Australian horseman, poet, soldier, and folk-hero who was executed by the British for misconduct during the Boer Wars.
New Zealand Heroes
Samuel Marsden 1764–1838	Early settler in Australia and missionary to the Maori's in New Zealand.
William Hobson 1792–1842	British Captain who served as the first governor of New Zealand and negotiated the Treaty of Waitangi with natives.
Edward Wakefield 1796–1862	Organized early settlements in Australia and New Zealand.
George Grey 1812–1898	Governor of South Australia, Cape Colony, and New Zealand.
Hongi Hika 1772–1828	Maori chief who purchased weapons from the British and led his tribe to domination during the Musket Wars.
Hone Heke 1810–1850	Maori chief who resisted British rule, and instigated the Flagstaff War.

AD Year	Event
Exploration
1642	Abel Tasman, a Dutch sailor, discovers Tasmania, New Zealand and the Fiji islands.
1688	William Dampier explores western coast of Australia, circumnavigates globe.
1769	First voyage of Captain Cook — sails into Poverty Bay in New Zealand, charts coast of Australia.
1773	Third voyage of Captain Cook — returns to New Zealand, crewmen killed in skirmish with natives.
Settlement of Australia
1788	Arthur Philip establishes first settlement in Australia, a penal colony, north of Botany Bay
1798	Matthew Flinders explore coast of Australia, circumnavigate island of Tasmania.
1801	George Bass and Matthew Flinders first expedition around the coast of Australia.
1801	John McArthur develops Australia's sheep and wool producing trade.
1808	Rebellion occurs in Sydney when governor prohibits sale of Rum.
1824	Penal colony established near Brisbane. First settlement in Queensland.
1850	Edward Hargraves announces discovery of gold in Australia.
1851	'Black Thursday' brushfires destroy much of Victoria.
1854	Rebellion of gold-miners against government at the Eureka stockade.
1880	Notorious outlaw, Ned Kelly is hanged.
1895	First performance of Waltzing Matilda, Australian national anthem.
1900	Australia gains a constitution and independent parliament.
1902	Breaker Morant, Australian folk hero, executed for war crimes in South Africa.
Settlement of New Zealand
1780+	Whalers and sealers use ports off North Island, establish trade with natives.
1814	Samuel Marsden establishes a mission on north Island, introduces sheep, cattle, and grains.
1814	Hongi Hika, a Maori chieftain, visits England and Australia, obtains muskets, becomes a warloard.
1821	Musket Wars between armed Maori tribes, led by Hongi Hika, and unarmed tribes.
1832	James Busby appointed first British 'resident' but without resources to calm tribal wars.
1835	Maori raid of Chatham Island. All natives are killed or enslaved by Maoris.
1839	Edward Wakefield forms private association, the New Zealand company, to colonize the territory.
1840	William Hobson induces chieftains to sign Treaty of Waitangi, establishing British sovereignty.
1841	First British capital established at Auckland.
1845	Flagstaff War, led by Hone Heke, first major uprising against British, takes a year to subdue.
1845	George Grey becomes governor, serves as governor or in Parliament for next 34 years.
1846	Land war in the Hutt Valley near Wellington.
1852	Local parliament established.
1853	Maori chiefs attempt to unifiy under a king, prohibit sale of land to whites.
1860	Taranaki War breaks out over land disputes.
1865	Government moved to Wellington.
1868	Te Kooti rebellion, Maori seats established in Parliament
1870	Last British troops leave New Zealand, government and militia sufficent to keep order.
1888	New Guinea becomes a crown colony.

Book Title	Selected Chapters (# chapters)
Core Reading Assignments
Marshall - Our Empire Story	Part II—Australia to The Bushrangers (10)
Marshall - Our Empire Story	Part III—New Zealand to The Hau Haus and Te Kooti (13)
Supplemental Recommendations
Lang - The Story of Captain Cook	entire book
Synge - A Book of Discovery	Discoverers of Australia to Dampier Discovers a Straight (3)
Synge - A Book of Discovery	Flinders Names Australia to Sturt's Discoveries in Australia (2)
Synge - The Reign of Queen Victoria	Across the Seas to Australian Commonwealth (3)